Enlightenment and Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enlightenment and Modernity - Essay Example Knowledge was further advanced through the use of scientific method. All these avenues provided the perfect chance for humanity to gain considerable insight into some of the unknown quarters of the world. Enlightenment is typically a process of promoting skepticism, science and intellectual interchange as opposed to the use of superstition and blind faith. Â  It is characterized by the flourishing of stronger social institutions which are well defined to address the needs of humanity. There is certainly a strong interconnection between enlightenment and modernity considering that both processes and periods were characterized by some kind of change towards organized life. As Kant defines enlightenment as a kind of release, it is seen that a great connection certainly exists between enlightenment and modernity considering that the latter aspect also connotes a process where man is removed from his social cocoon. Modernity in this regard can also relate to the intellectual culture and shift towards secularization and postindustrial life. Both enlightenment and modernity are basically associated with intellectual and cultural movements (Hoffman & Graham, 2006). Â  The connection between enlightenment and modernity can be seen in the different realms in which the latter word is used. In political parlance, modernity was initially seen as the radical shift from the Aristotelian mode of political analysis towards a more realistic political analysis. This thought mas initially advanced by people like Machiavelli who strongly believed that different situations in the course of leadership call for different approaches.

Langston Hughes :: essays research papers

â€Å"HOW SHOULD I MAKE MONEY?† Businesses nowadays do what they have to do to get the job done, as far as making profit and succeeding in their goals. They complete these goals by any means necessary and in my opinion they should be held responsible for their actions. Sure what they do can sometime bring in profit, but looking ahead, they’re doing things against public interest and in the long run it will ruin their companies. They should allow us as a people to know what’s going on so we can better informed. In their eyes what we don’t know won’t hurt us, but in actuality it does In Friedmans â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits.† Friedman argues that the manager is an agent of the shareholders, responsible mainly for the profit they seek, and for following the rules of society, being both legal and ethical, meaning they there is no fraud or coercion and there is free competition. He considers the talk of â€Å"social responsibility of business† to be misguided, indicative of a trend toward socialism. He argues that to decide to sacrifice profit for some collective social good is to, in effort, collect taxes and decide how they are to be spent, which is reserved for the political process. Non-elected company managers should not be doing this. In business, Friedman believes, people do what they choose to do, while in politics the majority rules. But that political process should be kept to a minimum and kept out of business. Friedman believes this applies also to â€Å"the newer phenomenon of calling upon stockholders to require corporations to exercise social responsibility.† This is just one group trying to get some other people to do what that group considers important. He does allow, though, that a proprietor not a corporation is free to spend his money on good causes, even though it may affect customers, etc., because he has not monopoly. (If it is too costly he will cease to be competitive.) Finally, Friedman believes that some of the â€Å"social responsibility â€Å" that is talked about is just â€Å"window-dressing† and serves the interests of the company by enhancing profit. He finds this dishonest but on his own principles he cannot disagree with it, since it is done in the interests of profit. In Christopher D. Stone’s: â€Å"Why Shouldn’t Corporation Be Socially Responsible?† It’s Stone’s theory that it’s not that despite what many persons believe, corporations are by nature irresponsible.

Bend It Like Beckham Essay

What is the purpose of the beginning of your class film? How has the director used film techniques in this part of the film to achieve this purpose? Film techniques are used by film directors to establish understanding of both the characters in the film, as well as the general plot. In the film Bend It Like Beckham, directed by Gurinder Chadha, the purposes of the film are introduced and established through the use of a wide range of film techniques. Such purposes which are highlighted especially in the first few minutes of the film include the issue of stereotypes, the passion of an individual to succeed, differences in cultural beliefs and values as well as the establishment of different and unique characters in which audiences are able to relate to. These are all highlighted through the use of techniques such as contrast, voice-over, montage, as well as many other film techniques. Costuming is an important technique used by the composer to highlight the main purpose of the beginning of the film, which is to draw attention to the issue of certain stereotypes in gender roles as perceived by society. This is emphasised in the beginning of the film through the contrast in the costuming of the two sisters, Jesminder and Pinky Bhamra. From the costuming itself, it can be seen that the personality of both sisters are drastically different; Pinky seems to be the stereotypical traditional girl, wearing stylish street wear as she goes out to shopping, while Jesminder wears track pants and sportwear. Such contrast in costuming for the two characters highlights Pinky’s femininity and Jesminder’s lack of femininity. It also further emphasise that Jesminder is very different from the common society stereotype of female, which in turn lead into her passion for soccer that sets her apart from her cultural and gender expectations. It can therefore be seen that although it is only the beginning of the film, the use of costuming as a technique has established the main purpose of the film to the audience, that is bringing the attention of social stereotypes thrust upon females in society today. Another key technique that is used by the director of the film to convey the main theme of the film is the use of montage and voice-over. Jesminder’s passion for soccer is highlighted through the use of montage at the start of the film. This is used in the dream sequence, in which Jesminder pretended that she was part of the professional English soccer team, Manchester United, in which her idol David Beckham is part of. This dream sequence highlights her dreams to be a rofessional soccer player, which defies her cultural as well as society’s expectations as soccer is generally deemed to be a â€Å"male† sport due to much of the sport being dominated by male players. Voice-over is also used in the dream sequence scene and like the montage technique, the voice-over dialogue also introduce and emphasises Jesminder’s passion for soccer. This is especially evident in the scene dialogue â€Å"†¦and there is Bhamra†¦It’s a goal by Jess Bhamra! as it further displays her passion and dreams to be a professional soccer player, like David Beckham. Through these two techniques of montage and voice-over, the director successfully conveys the main theme of the film to the audience, which is, Jesminder breaking social barriers and stereotypes to pursue her dreams to be a professional soccer player. Music and set design in the film are also employed as techniques by the composer of the film to highlight the difference in culture, as well as characters. This is especially demonstrated through the use of traditional Indian music played at the Bhamra’s household emphasising that they are not only religious, but still stick by their cultural beliefs from their homeland, despite being in a foreign country. Through the use of music, it can be easily seen that there is a significant difference in Indian culture, compared to Western culture in England. The use of set design in the film is also used as a technique to highlight the differences in personalities of the characters. This is especially seen in the character of Jesminder, where her bedroom is shown to have large posters of her soccer idol David Beckham. This further emphasises how she is completely different from how society deems a female should be. Characterisation is established in the opening scene of the film through the use of costuming as a film technique. This is evident during the first few minutes where the two protagonists, Jesminder and Juliette are introduced to the audience as teenagers thriving for their dream as a professional football player, despite conflicts and disapproval from their family. In this scene, it can be seen that costuming is used by the director to further emphasise how the two girls are different from their family and the society’s expectations through sporty and masculine clothes worn by both Jesminder and Juliette. Their differences show that they are stepping out from what the society and their family believe, to pursue their dream as professional soccer players, a role which is stereotypically associated with males. The contrast of costuming between Jesminder and Juliette, and the rest of the female cast in the film further draws the attention towards their masculinity, as well as the traditional and stereotypical aspect of the female casts. This can be seen especially through Jesminder’s mother who wears traditional feminine clothes, highlighting her social background as well as her femininity. Through the use of costuming and contrast as film techniques, the director of the film clearly establish and differentiate each of the characters, particularly the protagonists, which further aids the understanding of the plot for the audience later in the film. It can be seen that through the various use of film techniques by the composer of the film, the purpose of the film is effectively established. Such purpose of the film include bringing attention to the issue of stereotypes in both culture and gender, the passion for soccer, difference in cultural values and the establishment of unique characters. These purposes are all conveyed through the use of different techniques such as costuming, set design, voice-over, contrast and montage to further create meaning in the audience’s minds. It also further emphasises the main purpose for the creation of the film, which was to both entertain and to draw the attention towards current social expectations and barriers in which females primarily face, as well as how culture can still have a huge impact on an individual, even though they are in a foreign place. Through the different use of techniques, audiences are also able to relate to the characters effectively, thus allowing the director to convey her purpose for creating the film.

What Is an Anonymous Source

An anonymous source is someone who is interviewed by a reporter but does not want to be named in the article the reporter writes. Why Use an Anonymous Source? The use of anonymous sources has long been a controversial issue in journalism. Many editors frown upon using anonymous sources, for the obvious reason that they are less credible than sources who speak on the record. Think about it: if someone isnt willing to put their name behind what they say to a reporter, what assurance do we have that what the source says is accurate? Could the source be manipulating the reporter, perhaps for some ulterior motive? Those are certainly legitimate concerns, and any time a reporter wants to use an anonymous source in a story, he or she generally first discusses it with an editor to decide whether doing so is necessary and ethical. But anyone who has worked in the news business knows that in some situations, anonymous sources may be the only way of obtaining important information. This is especially true of  investigative stories in which sources may have little to gain and much to lose by speaking publicly to a reporter. For instance, lets say you are investigating allegations that the mayor of your town is siphoning money from the town treasury. You have several sources in town government who are willing to confirm this, but they fear being fired if they go public. They are willing to speak to you only if they are not identified in your story. Clearly, this isnt an ideal situation; reporters and editors always prefer to use on-the-record sources. But faced with the situation in which vital information can only be obtained from sources anonymously, a reporter sometimes has little choice. Of course, a reporter should never base a story entirely on anonymous sources. He or she should always try to verify information from an anonymous source by talking to sources who will speak publicly, or through other means. For instance, you might try to confirm the story about the mayor by checking the Treasurys financial records. Deep Throat The most famous anonymous source of all time was the one used by Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein to help them uncover the Watergate scandal  in the Nixon administration. The source, known only as Deep Throat, provided tips and information to Woodward and Bernstein as they dug into allegations that the White House had engaged in criminal activity. However, Woodward and Bernstein made a point of always trying to check information Deep Throat had given them with other sources. Woodward promised Deep Throat he would never reveal his identity, and for decades after President Nixons resignation, many in Washington speculated about Deep Throats identity. Then, in 2005, Vanity Fair magazine ran an article revealing that Deep Throat was Mark Felt, an associate director of the FBI during the Nixon administration. This was confirmed by Woodward and Bernstein, and the 30-year ministry about Deep Throats identity finally ended. Felt died in 2008.

Mercury 13 - First Lady Astronaut Trainees (FLATs)

In the early 1960s, when the first groups of astronauts were selected, NASA didnt think to look at the qualified female pilots who were available. Instead, the agency focused on test and fighter pilots, roles that were denied to women, no matter how well they could fly. As a consequence, the U.S. didnt fly women in space until the 1980s, while the Russians flew their first female astronaut in 1962. First Efforts That changed when Dr. William Randolph Randy Lovelace II invited pilot Geraldyn Jerrie Cobb to undergo the physical fitness testing regimen that he had helped to develop to select the original U.S. astronauts, the Mercury Seven. After becoming the first American woman to pass those tests, Jerrie Cobb and Doctor Lovelace publicly announced her test results at a 1960 conference in Stockholm and recruited more women to take the tests. Testing Women for Space Cobb and Lovelace were assisted in their efforts by Jacqueline Cochran, who was a famous American aviatrix and an old friend of Lovelaces. She even volunteered to pay for the testing expenses. By the fall of 1961, a total of 25 women, ranging in age from 23 to 41, went to the Lovelace Clinic in Albuquerque, New Mexico. They underwent four  days of testing, doing the same physical and psychological tests as the original Mercury Seven had. While some had learned of the examinations by word of mouth, many were recruited through the Ninety-Nines, a women pilots organization. A few of these pilots took additional tests. Jerrie Cobb, Rhea Hurrle, and Wally Funk went to Oklahoma City for an isolation tank test. Jerrie and Wally also experienced a high-altitude chamber test and the Martin-Baker seat ejection test. Because of other family and job commitments, not all of the women were asked to take these tests. Out of the original 25 applicants, 13 were chosen for further testing at the Naval Aviation center in Pensacola, FL. The finalists were dubbed the First Lady Astronaut Trainees, and eventually, the Mercury 13. They were: Jerrie CobbMary Wallace Wally FunkIrene LevertonMyrtle K CagleJaney Hart (now deceased)Gene Nora Stombough [Jessen]Jerri Sloan Now deceased)Rhea Hurrle [Woltman]Sarah Gorelick [Ratley]Bernice B Trimble Steadman (now deceased)Jan Dietrich (now deceased)Marion Dietrich (now deceased)Jean Hixson (now deceased) High Hopes, Dashed Expectations Expecting the next round of tests to be the first step in training which could conceivably allow them to become astronaut trainees, several of the women quit their jobs in order to be able to go. Shortly before they were scheduled to report, the women received telegrams canceling the Pensacola testing. Without an official NASA request to run the tests, the Navy would not allow the use of their facilities. Jerrie Cobb (the first woman to qualify) and Janey Hart (the forty-one-year-old mother who was also married to U.S. Senator Philip Hart of Michigan) campaigned in Washington to have the program continue. They contacted President Kennedy and vice-president Johnson. They attended hearings chaired by Representative Victor Anfuso and testified on behalf of the women. Unfortunately, Jackie Cochran, John Glenn, Scott Carpenter, and George Low all testified that including women in the Mercury Project or creating a special program for them would be a detriment to the space program. NASA was stilling requiring all astronauts to be jet test pilots and have engineering degrees. Since no women could meet these requirements due to being excluded from such service in the military, none qualified to become astronauts. The Subcommittee expressed sympathy, but did not rule on the question. Nevertheless, They Persisted and Women Went to Space Former Soviet Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova and U.S. astronaut Cady Coleman (right), together before Colemans 2010 launch to space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazahkstan. NASA   On June 16, 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space. Clare Booth Luce published an article about the Mercury 13  in Life magazine criticizing NASA for not achieving this first. Tereshkovas launch and the Luce article renewed media attention to women in space. Jerrie Cobb made another push to revive the womens testing. It failed. It took 15 years before the next U.S. women were selected to go to space, and the Soviets didnt fly another female for nearly 20 years after Tereshkovas flight. Sally Ride was the first U.S. woman astronaut. NASA In 1978, six women were chosen as astronaut candidates by NASA: Rhea Seddon, Kathryn Sullivan, Judith Resnik, Sally Ride, Anna Fisher and Shannon Lucid. On June 18, 1983, Sally Ride became the first American woman in space. On February 3, 1995, Eileen Collins became the first woman to pilot a space shuttle. At her invitation, eight of the First Lady Astronaut Trainees attended her launch. On July 23, 1999, Collins also became the first woman Shuttle Commander.   Today women routinely fly to space, fulfilling the promise of the first women to train as astronauts. As time passes, the Mercury 13 trainees are passing on, but their dream lives on in the women who live and work and space for NASA and space agencies in Russia, China, Japan, and Europe.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Project Management Library Renovation - 2266 Words

Project management principles Project management principles are typically learnt from experience and are generally valid for all projects and the project manager has to know when and how to apply them to a project (Harold, 2009). In the library building project these principles could have helped reduce problems during and after renovations of the library. Tailor to suit the environment: whatever project management methodology or framework a manger favours, it must be tailored to suit the needs of their project. Levy (2002) says, rather than blindly following a methodology, the project manager must be able to adapt procedures to meet the demands of the work in hand. How the manager plan on a two-week project is likely to be very†¦show more content†¦Quality issues that must be addressed by the project manager Chris Jones (2011) points that Poor quality management can stand in the way of a successful project. The two keys to avoiding lapsing into substandard quality management are to remember, first, that the project sponsor and your client determine quality—the project manager and project team do not. The library building design concerns of the senior residents was a quality criteria be considered when building instead of increasing space for children and teen’s activities. Secondly the project manager as O. Levy (1995) suggested had to resist the urge to think that quality means the best material, the best equipment, and absolutely zero defects. While the project out more space for computers, and less space for books also more entertainment features the local senior group was displeased and thought the quality of the library had reduced. The library had changed from the traditional, quiet library they once knew. There was nobody on staff and no feature or design that made the library a special place senior-related services. In most cases, the client does not expect, and cannot afford, a perfect solution. If there are just a few bumps in the project, the client can still say that the project delivered to a high level of quality. Spinner (2007) said, however a flawlessly designed, defect-free solution that does not meet the client s needs will not be considered high quality. Due to lessShow MoreRelatedWoodys 2000 Project Outline1175 Words   |  5 PagesWOODYS 2000 PROJECT - OUTLINE 1.0 Introduction: The Woody 2000 project came up as a result of a mini boom in commercial construction activities and the intention of the management of Woody’s (real name Custom woodworking Company) to cash in on the opportunity by improving production efficiency by expanding their existing manufacturing space by 25%,including computer controlled automation, improving the facilities by adding air conditioning, a dust free paint / finishing shop with additional compressorRead MoreDescription Of A Facility Layout1713 Words   |  7 Pagesproducts and/or services it is providing. There should be just as much thought if not more put into the facility layout as the mission statement. A library would not want the same layout as a hospital which is why it requires in depth research on what the customer looks for when entering a place of business depending on the products and/or services. The library is meant to be quiet, a place for reading, studying, typing papers, etc†¦ The objective for a hospital is to provide services to patients basedRead MoreFinancial Plan For An Organization1507 Words   |  7 Pagesincurred in weeks or months to come. While financial plan helps on to plan for funding financial objectives and goals in 5 years and over. Creating a financial plan means make a long-term strategy for achieving goals while making budget implies the management of money in day-to-day business operations. In a financial plan, one track records of progress in quarterly and semi-annually basis which in a budget, expenses and incomes are tracked in a weekly and monthly basis. Fiscal details In a financialRead MoreEvaluating The Strategic Factors And Approaches Of Nestle Company1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthis assignment is to evaluate Nestle Company industry based on the case study and comprehend how the company develops strategic intent for their business organizations following the strategic factors and approaches. I will analyze the strategic management process as firm used to achieve strategic competitiveness. In order to strengthen this assignment about Nestle, there are several methods of gathering data has been conducted, such as Core Competencies analysis and BCG Matrix Analysis. By the endRead MoreChina s Libraries : The Influence Of A Large Population3745 Words   |  15 PagesChina’s Libraries: The Influence of a Large Population Constance M. Caddell North Carolina Central University Author Note Constance M. Caddell, School of Library and Information Sciences, North Carolina Central University. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Constance Caddell, North Carolina Central University, 1800 Fayetteville Street, Box 19530, Durham, NC 27707. Email: ccaddell@eagles.nccu.edu â€Æ' Abstract This paper will explore the ever-evolving library systemRead MoreThe Day For The Calendar Year 20151439 Words   |  6 Pagescost of water for each building, shower, sprinkler, toilet flushed, dish or hand washed and drop drank on campus was $424,890.98 and the cost of electricity for every building across campus was $1,842,701.74 according to data compiled by the Campus Project Manager, Deborah Proctor, who worked with the Accounts Payable Department to get the exact totals. This is up from calendar year 2012, which Proctor stated was about $354,000 for water and $1.3 million for electric. 2012 was a drought year and sheRead MoreStrategic Planning : Study And Planning : Strategic Planning1297 Words   |  6 Pagesindustrial fans have been installed, and the project is completed. Public Safety and Municipal Services (PSMS) Building Renovations: The pre-bid meeting was held Wednesday, September 20 and the bid opening is this week. Google/ATT: Fiber: Google will start fiber installation in the Grace Park Townhomes in early October. Employee Spotlight Engineering employees Jim Meyer and Joshua Baird recently completed an intensive twelve-week construction management program through the Office of ProfessionalRead MoreUnderstanding That Environmental Responsibility Is An Integral Part Of Design Excellence Essay3100 Words   |  13 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 About the project Design and Brief: 1315 Peachtree Street, LLC Location: 1315 Peachtree Street NE Atlanta Georgia 30309 United States Architect: Perkins + Will Project Site Previously developed site The building holds a platinum LEED certificate. Submitting Architect: Perkins+Will Project Site: Previously Developed Land Project Type: Office – 10,001 to 100,000sf Public Assembly – Entertainment/Culture Public Assembly – Library Project Site Context/Setting: Urban Other BuildingRead MoreMy First Year Of University Of Economics969 Words   |  4 Pageswhenever I wasn’t in school. Next few months I’ve spent studying for SAT and TOEFL exams which I successfully passed and got enrolled at LaGuardia Community College. Meanwhile, I volunteered with New York Cares whenever I had free time on projects such as library renovation or food serving to homeless. It took a year to find the college which fits me the best, apply for it, submit required paperwork, and pass all the tests which is what made me a non-traditional student. During my first semester at LaGuardiaRead MoreDoing Better1201 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironmentally management systems. For important product or process innovation and renovation, Nestlà © s research and development centers prepare an environmental impact study. This covers significant aspects in the product life cycle, from the sourcing of raw materials, through processing, to the packaged consumer product and the end-life of the packaging material. This study is carefully evaluated, in conjunction with detailed information on the potential manufacturing site, to ensure that new projects meet

Utopia in Candide Free Essays

Marco Flores 9/24/12 Utopian Lifestyle Throughout much literature such as Candide, by Voltaire, a concept of a Utopia is introduced. In this book, the utopian society was represented by El Dorado. Here, no realistic world ideals were present, as they were completely satisfied with what they had. We will write a custom essay sample on Utopia in Candide or any similar topic only for you Order Now They did not pray to God for help or even were curious enough to venture off outside the premises of their city. Lack of curiosity, which is completely against the norm of human nature, was what made them believe they have a perfect society. Most of all, in creating a fictional utopian society, Voltaire is satirizing classical European ways of thought, rather referring to them as the dystopia of the world. Utopias are essentially ideal societies that could never be duplicated in the real world of things. It is literally a fictional way of life that could only be strived for and never be reached. In the novel, they stumble upon El Dorado which is shown to be a magical utopian society. All men are kind and equal to each other and no one seems to want â€Å"more†, which we as Americans have been accustomed to. They are not seeking to improve themselves in society, which is a concept so baffling for us to understand. It is difficult for us to understand because as a society the motto we live by is â€Å"we want more† and that is why we are far and away from a utopian society. We are never satisfied with what we have, while there in El Dorado, they simply are complacent with where they are. Unlike the citizens of El Dorado, that society was not achievable for Candide and Cacambo. Being an outsider, Candide could not simply drop his ideals to follow those of El Dorado, where gold and gems are just pebbles which they walk upon. Unlike the kids of El Dorado, they could not just play with the precious metals as if they had no value. Not only do their citizens undervalue gems which would make them prosperous throughout the world, but they are satisfied and do not worship nor kill those who do not have the same beliefs as them. They don’t ask God of anything because they believe that what they are provided with is what they could and must use. â€Å"We do not pray to him at all, we have nothing to ask of him; he has given us everything we need; we thank him unceasingly,† 47). When Cacambo and Candide reach Eldorado, Candide concludes that this must be utopia, a place where everything â€Å"is for the best. †Ã‚   However, he is yet unhappy because he misses Cunegonde, and Cacambo has a â€Å"restless spirit† and is not satisfied, either. So, they leave because of their personal desires to achieve more wealth and fame back in Europe. The satire that Voltaire provides on the subject of a Utopia is that there is a great problem the world suffers is that the perfect state is unachievable. Although El Dorado provides a home with no worries or difficulties, Candide always wants more. There is no way to please human beings, even when all of your mistakes are undone and all men are equal. The true problem is that troubles still exist and there is no way to achieve complete happiness. Although El Dorado is seen by Candide as a true Utopia, it is rather the garden which itself is the true Utopia. In the end, they are left with the concept of the personal garden as their true paradise. Thus the theme of the novel is that happiness can only be achieved by concentrating on peace and well-being within one’s self, rather than seeking adventures, riches, or material goods. It was the Turk at the conclusion of the novel that describes happiness is like a garden, where you must spend time to cultivate it and let it prosper. Candide realizes that you are the one that must create happiness as things don’t just happen for a reason. As the â€Å"worthy old man seems to have created for himself an existence far preferable to that of the six kings† has done. 93). Throughout his life, Candide has struggled with Pangloss’ philosophy of optimism, while he tries to connect what he’s been taught and what he sees before him. Pangloss always taught him to see that things were always for the best and that there is an explanation for everything. This is difficult for Candide, as he does not see how a world full of war, murder, poverty, rape, and starva tion could remotely hold the philosophy that â€Å"everything is for the best in the best of all possible worlds†. On the other side, is Martin with his pessimistic view on the whole world. He sees everyone and everything in a bad light. It is not until the old man where Candide realizes that the world neither is the best or worst of all possibilities. Candide realizes that one can only be content with those around them if they are striving to achieve happiness within, rather than without. Voltaire explains to us that even when one reaches an ideal society where things cannot get more perfect, one is still not satisfied. Rather than just satirizing the ideas of utopia, he is criticizing our very own human nature. After all attempts to reach bliss through religion and riches, Canide combines the teachings of his two professors, Pangloss and Martin, to the belief in a simpler life full of inner satisfaction where one spends his time cultivating his own garden. So, instead of being a place where no further improvement is necessary, Voltaire explains that a Utopian Life is rather one where you control the variables and focus on your own happiness rather than other variables. How to cite Utopia in Candide, Papers